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Endless Forms Most Beautiful: The New Science of Evo Devo
Download PDF Endless Forms Most Beautiful: The New Science of Evo Devo
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Amazon.com Review
"Every animal form is the product of two processes--development from an egg and evolution from its ancestors," writes Sean B. Carroll in his introduction to Endless Forms Most Beautiful. The new science of "evo devo"--or evolutionary developmental biology--examines the relationships between those two processes, embryonic development and evolutionary changes, despite their radically different time scales. Carroll first offers a recap of how genes express themselves in a growing embryo, then peers into the life histories of real-life examples to explain how those genes have changed (or not changed) over millions of years of evolution. Paraphrasing Thomas Huxley, he asks us to consider evolution and development as two sides of the same coin. We may marvel at the process of an egg becoming an adult, but we accept it as an everyday fact. It is merely then a lack of imagination to fail to grasp how changes in this process that assimilated over long periods of time, far longer than the span of human experience, shape life's diversity." The book's second half is where Carroll really gets at the meat of evo devo, explaining how regulatory genes control such mysteries as individual and population changes in butterfly's spots, jaguar fur, and hominid skulls. Evo devo is one of the hottest areas of study in 21st-century biology, and Carroll's outline of the field is a great place to start understanding it. --Therese Littleton
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From Publishers Weekly
Cobb County textbook stickers aside, evolutionary natural selection offers a pretty straightforward explanation for the forward march of species through history; a mutation that better equips a given organism to survive is passed along to its heirs, becoming more common as successive generations flourish. The actual process by which mutations happen, however, was far more mysterious until scientists turned to the study of evolutionary development (known by the somewhat unfortunate moniker "Evo Devo"). One such scientist is Carroll, a genetics professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, who guides us along the broad contours of development ("the process through which a single-celled egg gives rise to a complex, multibillion-celled animal") and the ways in which its study sheds light on the underlying mechanisms of evolution. He explains in concrete terms how small changes in a species's genetic code of a given species can lead to dramatic differences in physiology is the "missing piece" of evolutionary theory, Carroll argues. The book is as much a salvo in the continuing battles between creationists and evolutionists as it is a popularization of science, and Carroll combines clear writing with the deep knowledge gained from a lifetime of genetics research, first laying out the principles of evolutionary development and then showing us how they can explain both the progression of species in the fossil record and outliers like a six-fingered baseball pitcher. (Apr.) Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Product details
Hardcover: 368 pages
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company; 1 edition (April 17, 2005)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0393060160
ISBN-13: 978-0393060164
Product Dimensions:
6.5 x 1.3 x 9.5 inches
Shipping Weight: 1.5 pounds
Average Customer Review:
4.6 out of 5 stars
112 customer reviews
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
#844,122 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
This is an outstanding eye-opener on recent evolutions of the theory of evolution. The fact than some other books on evolution published more recently hardly do justice to Evo Deve and other recent discoveries make this text all the more important. However, I would not have added a review to the many already published unless I have a point to add, as explicated in the book I am writing on Steering Human Evolution. First, I quote from Carroll: “The forms of animals and their body parts are never the result of the action of a single switch or protein. Body parts, tissues, and cell types are the products of large numbers of switches and proteins that organize patterns in time and space, and of proteins and other molecules that endow cells and tissues with their physiological and mechanical properties†(p. 129). Also “The forms of animals and their body parts are never the result of the action of a single switch or protein […] Animal architecture is a product of genetic regulatory network architecture†(p.129). And “The term “genetic architecture†has been coined to refer to the number of genes and the relative effect of individual genes contributing to the evolution of a particular trait […] studies of human variation suggest that many genes contribute to differences in height, body size, and other quantitative characters†(p . 277). Then comes my conclusion: “Given this recent knowledge… the literature foreseeing genetic engineering as leading swiftly to post-humanity, Humanity.2 and even Humanitky.3 is, to put it much too mildly, mistaken. ‘Homo Deus’ is not around the corner. Those who claim otherwise should study carefully novel findings in Evo Devo and related domains, taking care to pick up recent texts by high quality scientists .Carroll’s 2011 book is a good text to start, but check for updated editions – Evo Devo is a step forward, but the way to really understand evolution is still very long.Professor Yehezkel DrorThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem
The story and implications of the work that led to evo-devo are amazing, but other reviewers here cover that. I want to summarize the algorithm I pieced together from Carroll's not-entirely-step-by-step discussion.It turns out, counter to what biologists thought for most of the 20th Century, that our genomes really are a lot like blueprints. We thought that there's no easy mapping from a gene to a body part or detail at some spot on the body. But there often is. We thought that the genes specify the process of embryogenesis, not a picture of the final product, and that's true, but the process has a lot to do with identifying locations and things to go in locations. The "toolkit" that Carroll talks about is a system common to all multicelled animals for laying out maps and allocating places on those maps for parts, then (recursively) laying out maps interior to the parts and allocating space for subparts, and so on. As if, at each stage, you had bosses and sub-bosses reading from blueprints and sub-blueprints to surveyors and builders.This is done with chemical signal gradients and the switches that turn genes on and off based on combinations of signals and cell states. All of this happens as the ground on which the work is happening is expanding exponentially, so that although the signals operate over similar ranges, if a signal is put out earlier in the growth process it influences what finally becomes a larger part. Carroll emphasizes that this means parts' sizes can be varied by varying when their formation triggers. Another effect is when, over the course of evolution, a controlling gene becomes duplicated, the the original and variant genes evolve to trigger at different locations, and then the two duplicate parts can specialize differently while still sharing most of their code.There is an alternation between the activation of signals for body parts-- like head, thorax, tail, then later eye, leg, heart-- and setting up gradients that identify locations in a space, like toward the torso vs. out toward the extremities. At first you identify north, south, east and west, and then New York, DC, Seattle, LA, Miami, Chicago identify themselves, then the grids around the cities, then named neighborhoods within those grids, and so on. If you think of an individual final cell, it (and the ancestor cells it split form) learns step by step the details that customize it: first it's in the Northeast, then it's a New Yorker, then slightly to the southeast of Manhattan, then in Brooklyn... the center... Park Slope... top of the hill... until it's the assistant to the owner of a flower shop across from the park.Something I thought was missing: how do reaction-diffusion processes and/or mutual-inhibition fit into this process? They seem necessary for cells (and groups of cells) to make definite decisions about what to be, where a sharp edge is, for there to be a single center for a part, and so forth. It seems to be either left out because the relation to evo-devo isn't well-studied, or touched on in an earlier section of the book but not fit into the general summary.Something that seemed important that I want to pay attention to on my second reading: why are strings of HOX genes in the same order along the DNA that the corresponding parts are along the body? It was emphasized in the story of their discovery but I forget how they ended up that way evolutionarily, and how it figures into the way they play out in development.
Wow, So I like to tweak racist by pointing out our ancestors the original humans were black and so we are all descendants of the black race. However, this book points out that we share common building blocks and are who we are based on the actions of genes and proteins we share with all animals in the kingdom including insects. Science rules truth rules.
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